Construction & Design

Design

(see also, Environment)

Advances in soft-wall accommodation: high-quality tentage systems (PP 30)

Modular, flat-pack, solar-powered Refugee Housing Unit (IKEA Foundation) (PP 31)

Prefabricated buildings (improved insulation for energy saving and noise attenuation) (currently used by The Swedish Defence Research Agency’s (FOI) Juba III/UN House Pilot Project) (PP 30)

Considerations: Eco-friendly buildings systems and materials (PP 30), local, sustainable, weight, durability, etc. Built with disaster resilience design & materials.

Energy Efficiency/Power Supply

(see also: Energy; Environment)

Energy conservation & efficiency

Smart buildings (sensors, lighting, control, etc.)

Shelters

Type, e.g., Tentage, Portable, Mobile, Static, etc.

Purpose, e.g., Sleeping, Operations, Eating, Maintenance, etc.

Miscellaneous Stores (UNIBAM I 153)^[1]

107. Heliborne Operational Stores (05 Sets)

As per operational requirement

108. Fire Fighting Equipment (06 Sets)

109. Field Kitchen (07 Sets)

TCC Pattern

110. Laundry Equipment (06 Sets)

Field Ablution Facility (06 Sets)

Multi-purpose tentage systems (PP 31)

114. Tents/Portable Shelters (For complete battalion)^[2]

TCC Battalion

Modern expeditionary shelter solutions systems (PP 30)

News and Information

Public communications (radio shows, social media)

“public information”

Infrastructure

Digital Radio Mondiale

Radar Frequency and Internet Protocol (e.g., RIOS)

Individual videoconferencing and text-chatting solution similar to Skype to be used by DFS (Performance Peacekeeping)

Microsoft Lync (PP 36)

Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) (PP 36)

Piloted in MINUSCA to allow upwards of 80 users to connect to a single point

Tactical long-term evolution (LTE) telecommunications system (PP 36)

MINUSCA exploring immediate deployment

Unused gaps in TV whitespace (PP 36)

Piloted by MONUSCO to provide connectivity and extend network coverage

Comm@nder Army system (PP 139)

Comprehensive interoperability package is available such as MIP, NFFI, NVG, link 16, AIS etc. (PP 139)

Product suite also includes a headquarters application which is seamlessly interlinked with a Battle Management System (BMS), which provides C2 support to company level and below

IRIS (interoperability product) (PP 138)

Uses structured data such as USMTF 2000 and NATO ADataP3 formatted messages as its transmission standards

Medium-orbit low-latency fiber-speed satellite telecommunications networks such as O3b (PP 36)

Currently being explored

Other major international organizations have adopted such architecture at graduated levels of capability (PP 35):

Service Provider: Network contributing mission participants provide a wide area Mission Network Element (MNE) to the federation of networks

Subnet Extension: Mission participants with their own standard IT and local area networking infrastructure provide a Mission Network Extension (MNX) using services provided by a mission network service provider

Fully Hosted: Mission participants elect to use infrastructure and software services provided by other mission participants

Secure mission-dedicated clouds (PP 97)

Open and scalable solution based on a WEB service-oriented architecture over IP networking and federates components of operational environment from strategic to tactical levels

Missions need more bandwidth (including via satellite) (PP 97)

Mobile connectivity fly-away kits (PP 58)

May be equipped with portable printers, Internet dongles, soft phone video-conferencing capabilities, and access to mission-critical applications such as COSMOS, and to the UN Field System Mobility [VPN) Portal]

34. Satellite Phone (12) (UNIBAM I 145)^[3]

01 Reserve

35. Radio Stations (06) (UNIBAM I 145)

01 Reserve

36. Exchange EPABX (06) (UNIBAM I 145)

Minimum 100 Lines

37. Cell Phones (120) (UNIBAM I 145)^{[4], [5]}

40. Telephones (40) (UNIBAM I 145)^[6]

41. Monitor (01) (UNIBAM I 145)^[7]

Ground to Air Communication Radio (06) (UNIBAM I 145)

Aviation Cell & COB to communicate with helicopter pilots

UN Radio (PP 72)

UNMIL Radio (PP 73)

38. VHF Radios (110) (UNIBAM I 145)^[8]

39. HF Radios (40) (UNIBAM I 145)^[9]

Fully functioning tactical radio network backbone (PP 59)

HF radio should be used as backup to satellite communications (PP 59)

Tetra radio systems (PP 29) – seeing increasing roll-out on current missions.

Radios (HF/VHF/UHF, TETRA, digital)

Backup systems (on and off site, on and off mission)

Multi-modal systems (HF Radio to backup Satellite and/or fibre)

Security

Considerations:

Cybersecurity

Data Privacy

Encryption

Information Security

Considerations:

Asset Protection

Ruggedized

Fuel Supply

Biomass (PP 39)

Biogas and other energy alternatives can complement gas-fuelled generators (PP 40)

Diesel generators (PP 38)

Other types, e.g., Gas, Diesel, Natural Gas, etc.

Wind:

Wind Power (PP 39)

ICTD has already conducted a pilot for the small-scale use of wind power at the Global Service Centre in Brindisi

Solar:

Solar PV-diesel hybrid power systems (PP 39) (limited success)

Stand-alone solar lighting systems (PP 39) (limited success)

UNIFIL’s full-scale solar arrays (PP 36)

Power Supply

80. 51-75 KVA (17) (UNIBAM I 150) – *4 x ICGs

81. 41-50 KVA (02) (UNIBAM I 150) – Level I Hospital

82. 31-40 KVA (17) (UNIBAM I 150) – Reserve for TOBs Operational Base

83. 15-20 KVA (15) (UNIBAM I 150) – Towed/portable for mobile operations

84. 7.5-11 KVA (17) (UNIBAM I 150) – Towed/portable for mobile operations

85. 2.5-5 KVA (15) (UNIBAM I 150) – Towed/portable for mobile operations

86. Electrical Accessories for COBs & Reserve (07 Sets) (UNIBAM I 150)

(Wires, holders, bulbs and other stores, flood lights)

Back-up energy support (including primary or backup alternative solutions (PP 26)

Recommendation: No encampment, office compound or staff accommodation should be without

Many missions have started to use hybrid solar/diesel generation capacity

Considerations: Conservation, Sustainability, Efficiency, Measuring and Control

For example; Smart Meter systems (power consumption tracking and use statistics), Smart Building Technology, etc.

Energy efficiency (renewables), greater water conservation, waste management and recycling, fuel efficiency, and increased use of environmentally-friendly construction materials (PP 90)

Currently used by PKO and DFS.

Advanced Materials & Processes

(see also, Accommodation: Construction & Design)

Building construction methods

Ground cover (e.g., geotextiles)

3D Printing

Non-Combat Engineering

Technical Domains:

Civil

Chemical

Electrical

Mechanical

Environmental

(see also, Environment)

Impact Reduction

Innovations and technologies to help reduce the carbon footprint of missions (PP 90): Smart thermostats, low-energy lighting, and low-flow showers and toilets; metres and an accompanying system; generator canopies; modernized air-conditioning units fitted with CFC-free refrigerants, heat pumps and DC inverters.

Energy efficiency (renewables), greater water conservation, waste management and recycling, fuel efficiency, and increased use of environmentally-friendly construction materials (PP 90)

Impact Assessment

Waste

Investigation & Evidence Collection

“Swab Programme” in Liberia (UN Police)

UNMIL and Liberia National Police

Pilot project to establish a hospital-based procedure for obtaining vaginal swabs in rape cases

Also developed consent forms, written protocols and other documents that are needed to track the chain of custody, as well as the effectiveness of the effort —

Investigation Tools

Including specialized illumination, cameras, evidence gathering protocol, etc. and labs

On 16 August 2013, UNMIL launched Liberia’s first forensics laboratory at the James N. Davis, Jr. Memorial Hospital in Paynesville, Monrovia (UN Police)

Opening of the lab will allow UNMIL and the LNP to launch the pilot for the “Swab Programme”

UN Police and the Government of Sweden have supported a project to help the Liberia National Police’s Forensic Unit build capacity in investigating serious crimes (UN Police)

Specialized training, the development of forensic protocols and standard operating procedures and the provision of equipment, such as new state-of-the-art evidence collection vehicle complete with solar panels and the necessary equipment for processing crime scenes

Basic crime scene investigation kits (PP 78)

Mobile forensic/crime scene kits (PP 78)

Ground-Penetrating Radar

(see also, Information Collection: Radar: Ground-penetrating)

Cameras

Aerial data and geospatial information (PP 50)

Aerial visibility (PP 78)

When combined with emerging technologies in urban policing—including static, mobile and personal cameras together with shot spotting technology (that uses sophisticated acoustics to source the origination of gunshots) aerial visibility measurably strengthens on the ground policing

Airborne imagery (PP 134)

Expertise in image analysis; using the UN’s own aircraft such as UAS (PP 133)

Remote viewing terminals (PP 133)

Aerial imagery should be available in real-time

Aerostat [CAR]

“Hotspot” monitoring, e.g., Green Line in Nicosia (KW 236); Used to protect UN premises (KW 236)

24. Video Conferencing System (07) (UNIBAM I 144)^[12]

Remote viewing of hotspots and night operations (KW 236)

Recommendation: Static CCTV with pan-tilt-zoom capability is an absolute requirement for all UN camps and installations (PP 55).

Information from satellite reconnaissance has been provided to the UN by certain major powers on a need-to-know basis (PP 134)

Frequent use of satellite imagery for map-making, change detection, ground and activity analysis (PP 133)

Has yet to move from out-dated still images to dynamic near-real time reconnaissance (see Potential UN uses)

High-resolution satellite imagery (PP 52)^[13]

Examples: Satellite Sentinel Project; Harvard Humanitarian Initiative’s Signal Programme on Human Security and Technology; Human Rights Watch; Google Skybox Imaging; Skybox for Good; Digital Globe; European Union Satellite Centre

Commercial satellite imagery (PP 134)

Needs to incorporate satellite imagery to move to dynamic near real-time reconnaissance to achieve current situational awareness and immediate operational effect (PP 132)

No systematic plans, policies, or guidelines for use (KW 236)

Personal equipment often employed (KW 236)

Unsophisticated personal video cameras (PP 134)

Commonly brought to UN observation posts and on patrols

Used only in an ad hoc fashion in some missions (KW 236)

14. Range Finder (6) (UNIBAM I 143)

29. Digital Camera (53) (UNIBAM I 144)^[14]

30. Video Camera (19) (UNIBAM I 144)^[15]

Helmet Cameras (UNIBAM II 316)

To facilitate real time recording of information at the site of operations; High definition, light-weight, built in battery pack, 5 hours and beyond recording capacity; quick to start; easy to mount; Cost: $90—300

Use in all missions for patrols and in observation posts (KW 236)

Use in an unattended fashion (KW 236)

Specialized cameras in aircraft (KW 236)

Record peace agreement violations or human rights abuses (KW 236)

Maintain database of important clips (KW 236)

Remote viewing of hotspots and potential flashpoints (KW 236)

Video-enabled observation posts (PP 55)

Evolution in handheld digital imagery (both still and video cameras) provides important capabilities to augment and add value to peacekeepers’ reporting from the ground (PP 59)

Digital and light-weight binoculars offer greater resolution (PP 134)

Digital binoculars (PP 134)

Can capture high-definition images, magnify the images, and send the data directly to mission headquarters

Image stabilization (PP 134)

Some video devices can also include GPS and laser-range finders (PP 134)

Modern digital cameras can also use time-and-date stamp images (PP 134)

Unattended video cameras to replace unmanned observation posts (PP 134)

Was used along important parts of the Green Line in Cyprus

High-resolution digital cameras and continuous video networks operating via web-based platforms that can be augmented by satellite imagery (PP 50)

Night vision: Image Intensifiers

(see below, Sensors: Night Vision: Thermal Imaging)

Too few possessed, or deployed in insufficient numbers (KW 236)

Inadequate COE standards (KW 236)

11. Rifle Scope (Night) (52) (UNIBAM I 143)

18. Night Vision Devices (100) (UNIBAM I 144)

Man Portable

20. Night Observation Device (25) (UNIBAM I 144)

02 x Reserve tripod Mounted

Devices that also take pictures and videos were seldom found on UN missions prior to 2013 (PP 134), however this has now changed.

Facilitate night patrols and night operations (KW 236)

Night-vision goggles and tripod-mounted infrared cameras (PP 56)

GPS-enabled night vision devices (PP 56)

Aerial surveillance (PP 56)

Goggles (PP 134)

“Open-Source Intelligence”

Use of tools, techniques, methods, and analysis to use exclusively publicly available information to support operations

Social media (increased use) (PP 70)

Use of tools, techniques, methods, and analysis to use social media feeds to understand the “social” landscape of the operational environment

Social media, crowdsourcing and traditional public media sources must be incorporated (PP 49)

Platforms

Swedish J 29C Jets (PP 133)

1.  UN’s only major deployment of jets for surveillance in the Congo in the 1960s

In modern UN operations, jet imagery was provided to the UN but the jets were from supportive member states, not the UN mission itself (PP 133); Jet and turboprop aircraft (PP 133).

Have served as the main aerial reconnaissance for UN missions (PP 133)

1.  Only cameras were hand-held, brought by crew, and lacking image stabilization or high resolution

Pods to provide gyro-stabilization for more advanced cameras, including for visible light and forward-looking infrared imaging (PP 133)

Used in a few missions

Aircraft: Unmanned

(see also: Transport: Air: Unmanned; Weapons: Unmanned)

27. Tactical UAV (UNIBAM I 144)^[16]

28. Miniature UAV (UNIBAM I 144)^[17]

Tactical UAV (UNIBAM II 316)

Facilitate real time monitoring and relaying of critical information in support of peacekeeping operations in real time with live inputs; VTOL, Miniaturized/hand-held, Compact, Automatic flight control; Direct relay; Light weight, Day and night sensors, Smart Image technology, Long range, Autonomous Operation; Low cost (market price)

Operational-level UAVs (PP 54)

Used in MONUSCO

Nations’ UAVs in several mission areas (including Bosnia and DRC) (PP 134)

Belgian B-Hunter UAVs (PP 134)

EUFOR in the DRC 2006 elections

UN-painted UAVs in the DRC (PP 134)

In the DRC; flying under contract out of Goma

Hand-held UAVs (PP 97)

Medium-altitude long-endurance UAVs (PP 54)

Smaller operational- and tactical-level (PP 54; 77)

UAViators (PP 54)

Directory of UAV/imagery software used by organizations developing or using UAVs for humanitarian purposes

Space-Based (Satellite)

(see also, above, Cameras: Satellite)

Vehicles

(see also, above, Cameras: Vehicle Mounted)

Radar

Air Surveillance (ASR)

[for rockets, artillery and mortars (RAM) and aircraft, including UAVs]

Used in UNIFIL (KW 236)

UNIFIL: Truck-mounted radars to monitor mission airspace and counter-battery radar (COBRA) (PP 56). Counter-battery radar (Cobra) and truck-mounted air surveillance radar (Samantha) to track jets and helicopters (France) (PP 135).

Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft (United Kingdom) (PP 133)

Offered its services to the UN to monitor the airspace above Southern Lebanon and adjacent waters

UN instead developed system based on ground vehicles and ships

While the UN has not yet employed its own airborne air-surveillance systems, it has benefitted from information provided by AWACS aircraft in previous missions.

Artillery-tracking radar and shot spotting technology can be used to identify the origin and trajectory of artillery, mortar, rocket fire and small-arms fire (PP 55), with relevance for attribution and observation.

Determine source of artillery fire (KW 236)

Remove UN personnel from fire (KW 236)

Track aircraft violating no-fly zones or sanctions or transporting illegal materials (KW 236)

Synthetic aperture radar for imaging from satellite and/or aircraft (KW 236)

“The UN could make better use of lighter, night-time-capable platforms, such as UAVs, aerostats or other raised platforms with mounted electro-optical infrared or radar radial-surveillance technology” (PP 55).

Chartered or contingent-owned aircraft with less expensive air-surveillance systems (albeit with more limited coverage) (PP 133)

Tethered balloon (PP 134)

Aerostats (PP 134)

With the cost of high-resolution cameras decreasing and their capabilities steadily increasing, aerostats will undoubtedly become commonplace in future peacekeeping operations

Used only in UNIFIL (KW 237)

25. Surveillance Radars (04) (UNIBAM I 144)^[18],[19]

Ground Surveillance Radar (UNIBAM II 317)

To provide early-warning of threat to COBs and Force Protection

Locate and identify personnel and vehicle movements, Minimum 2000m range, Man-portable and with alternative power source

Cost: market price

Shatt al-Arab waterway during the UN’s Iraq-Kuwait observation mission (PP 135)

Detect trespassers along line of control or demilitarized zone (KW 237)

Catch illegal smuggling or aggression (KW 237)

Basic suite of sensors placed on portable elevated (PP 97)

Might include a combination of CCTV, motion sensors, infrared radar and ground radar

UNIFIL: radars abroad ships (PP 56); ship-borne radars (PP 135)

Shoreline radars (MONUSCO) (PP 135)

Tracking vessels in marine environments, especially in contested boarder regions with lakes and waterways (e.g., Great Lakes region of Africa)

Sensors

26. Sensors (10) (UNIBAM I 144)[20][21]

Yet to purchase (PP 135)

However, in 1976, the US Sinai Field Mission successfully employed such sensors to monitor traffic across strategic passes in the Peninsula to aid the disengagement of Egyptian and Israeli forces

Additionally, peacekeepers in Bosnia in 1993–95 concocted a make-shift acoustic sensor by placing a radio receiver in a cantonment facility for the heavy fighting equipment of the conflicting parties

Detect weapons being removed from cantonment (KW 237)

Not used for rifle fire (except makeshift) (KW 237); but rockets. artillery and mortar (RAM) tracking radars used in MINUSMA [reference?]

Identify source of rifle fire for early warning and response (KW 237)

Not used (except perhaps in Middle East PKOs) (KW 237)

63. Explosive Vapour Detector (01) (UNIBAM I 148)

Detect weapons and ammunition (KW 237)

Can detect explosives, their ingredients or chemical warfare agents and their precursors (PP 136)

Used to detect metal on persons entering some premises (KW 237)

67. Hand Held Metal Detector (06) (UNIBAM I: 148)

Detect mines and weapons (KW 237)

Widely used for mine protection (KW 237)

66. Deep Search Mine Detector (06) (UNIBAM I: 148)

Improved sensors with better detection (KW 237)

Underexploited technology (KW 236)

Intrusions Alarms

Protect refugee/UN camps (KW 236)

Coupled with automatic illuminators (KW 236)

Motion-detection illuminators to warn of oncoming vehicles or persons (solar-powered versions can be charged during the day) (PP 136)

Video cameras that can be triggered by motion-detectors; can be used to inspect undercarriages of vehicles for bombs (PP 136)

Infrared break-beams (PP 136)

Taut-wire fence: attempts to scale or cut the fence can trigger cameras and send signals to a monitoring centre (PP 136)

Night Vision: Thermal Imaging

(see also, above, Sensors: Night vision: Image Intensifiers)

Not used, except in a few advanced aircraft (KW 236)

33. Thermal Imaging Ground System (04) (UNIBAM I 144)^[22]

Mi-35 helicopters equipped with advanced infrared sensors (MONUC) (PP 56—7)

Night foot/vehicular patrols (KW 236)

Border control (KW 236)

Forward-looking infrared in aircraft (KW 236)

Thermal imaging (PP 50)

Not used systematically (except in Congo 1960-64 and 2006-07) (KW 267)

Optical or electronic radar sensors (few missions) (PP 50)

For tactical operations, e.g., against hostage-takers (KW 267)

Not used (KW 267)

Electronic Tracker (UNIBAM II 317)

To track and monitor all personnel, vehicle and helicopter movements based on a digital map located in the Battalion Operations Centre.

Real time tracking of GPS, Satellite monitoring, Digital map display, Process 300 entities

Cost: market price

For electronic countermeasures, e.g., detection of bugs in UN offices or of militia signals in jungles (KW 267)

Real-time location systems (PP 28)

Real-time tracking available for cell phones (PP 28)

Geophones/seismic arrays

Not used (KW 237); Detect persons or vehicles passing through a certain area (KW 237)

For baggage and shipments

Used in entrances to some buildings and UN-run airports (KW 237)

Examine cargo (KW 237)

Detect human and or other forms of smuggling (KW 237)

Artificial Intelligence

“Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance, Recognisance” Integration

IBM’s i2 Analyst’s Notebook (PP 66)

Currently used by ASIFU Mali and some missions

MINUSMA’s All Sources Information Fusion Unit (ASIFU) (Civil military teams equipped with small UAVs) (PP 66)

Common intelligence software solution across missions with powerful query and cross-referencing capabilities (PP 64)

COMPSTAT (automated information system to provide constant analysis from a centralized crime database) (PP 75)

Used by New York Police Department

Crime analysis software (PP 77)

Vital for determining and generating appropriate resources required for supporting and guiding policing functions in peacekeeping operations

Essential information management, analysis and communications tools (PP 64)

As well as professional analytic capacity to deliver sound analysis

Joint Mission Analysis Centres (JMACs) (PP 64):

Satellite communications, dedicated server capacity, and database management and analysis software to facilitate efficient information gathering, storage, access, analysis and visualization; open-source information, and satellite and other imagery, GIS platforms, and secured Internet connection and data encryption capabilities

Joint Operations Centres (JOCs) (PP 65):

Redundant, advanced communications infrastructure (including portable communications equipment with backup power) (some current use)

Includes ability to visualize output

15. Mobile Command Post (05) (UNIBAM I 143)

Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Intelligence (C4I) systems (PP 138)

Available on the market as framework commercial off-the-shelf-products (easy to customize)

Number of commercially available command and control information systems (PP 49)

Provide customizable, GIS-enabled solutions for coherent operational interaction

GoCase software (PP 78)

UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

Comprehensive tool to assist with an end-to-end approach to investigatory support and case-tracking that can help strengthen the links between the police and wider justice system

More comprehensive tools should be made available

Joint Operations Centre and Joint Mission Analysis Centre structures developing Standard Operating Procedures

System of monitoring and evaluation of national counterparts—SMART—to track the overall situation in the country (PP 75)

Currently used to streamline reporting flows and track key indicators through a single database

Used by UNMIT and later in MINUSTAH and UNMI

These tools can be used to strengthen the mission’s monitoring and advisory capacity

Internal web-based radio stations (PP 36)

MINUSMA and UNMIK staff broadcast alerts, news and music anywhere the Intranet can reach

MONUSCO’s Community Alert Network (PP 74)

Peace Operations Intranet (POINT) (PP 36)

Established to facilitate all peacekeeping access to common information through a unified portal, improving discoverability, accessibility and transparency

Pre-packaged loop messaging (PP 72)

Used by UNMIK’s Radio Ophelia: open-source automated digital FM radio channel

Application networks of data exchange (PP 139)

Foster seamless interlink to information and message handling, VTC, sensor and GPS handling and numerous other services

Example: SitaWare solution (PP 139)

Functional area subsystems (APPs) (PP 138)

Incident tracking maps on a GIS Platform linked to command-and-control platforms as part of a common operating picture software package systems (PP 29)

Inter-agency data sharing tools (PP 67)

Need for coherent federated mission network accessible to all relevant actors in a given mission area (PP 34)

“Peacekeeping missions should incorporate technology in the design and implementation of civilians strategies, in particular their early warning and early response mechanisms, to enhance their ability to detect, mitigate, deter, or respond to threats of violence against civilians” (PP 73).

Radio France Internationale (RFI) model (PP 72)

Where looped content can be fed into any enabled transmitter via satellite

Standardized reporting system for use across all missions, incorporated with mobile reporting platforms (PP 47)

GIS capabilities increasing; used for mapping (KW 238)

Analytical intelligence products, including dynamic GIS (PP 132—3)

Systems allowing user interaction and input for real-time picture (KW 238)

DFS’ Information and Technology Division (ICTD): Mobile deployed telecommunication system (MDTS) (Performance Peacekeeping)

ICT-specific innovation laboratories in several missions (beginning in 2015) (PP 106)

Strategically provided communications backbone by CITS (PP 59)

Units in some missions have reduced their reliance on traditional combat C2 nets

Umoja (PP 100)

UN SAGE (information and mapping tool for security-related incidents) (PP 137)

However, mission components generate large amounts of operational data that cannot fit into SAGE

No database tool provided by the Mission or UNHQ that would allow this data to be stored, managed and analysed

“While UNHQ has invested resources to centralizing and provision of tools for the management of data related to mission finances, staffing and logistics, information management tools are absent” (Performance Peacekeeping).

Assigned networks (e.g., medical, logistics or tactical operations networks) (PP 59)

Better tools for internal document sharing, document management and archiving (PP 62)

Decision support systems used in the intelligence environment (PP 138)

Based on a common standard protocol or other standard format that provides for easy database update and subsequent data mining and analysis

Examples: NATO standardization such as MIP, LC2/JC3IEDM, APP6, STANAG and technology standards i.e., IP, J2EE, XML and web services

Interfaces between radio and other communications networks, including satellite communications (SATCOM) (PP 59)

Microwave, fiber link and beyond line-of-sight technologies are steadily improving (PP 97)

Mutualink’s network interface controller (PP 35)

Proper information management systems (supported by technological tools) (PP 62)

Use of small, light, mobile troposcatter equipment: has high and long-range data transmission and SATCOM switch capability should also be considered (Performance Peacekeeping)

Information Management: Social Media

(see also, Information Collection: Open Source)

“Diplomatic Pulse” (PP page)

eDiplomacy (PP 70)

Unite community

Social media (increased use) (PP 70)

Social media, crowdsourcing and traditional public media sources must be incorporated (PP 49)

Open Source Information

(see also, Information Collection: Open Source)

Analytic tools to monitor media (PP 70)

Hootsuite, Tweetdeck, Radian6

Crowdsourcing platforms, interactive SMS blasts (PP 70)

UNICEF Rapid Pro and U-Report

Cyber hygiene (PP 67)

Hardware and software asset inventory, secure configurations of networks and systems, a system of continuous system monitoring and vulnerability mitigation, and means of controlling the distribution and use of administrative permissions

Global Pulse (PP 68)

Monitor open-source information and add to or assist in the analysis of information (PP 140)

The GDELT Project; Storyful; Recorded Future; RapidMiner, SAS Text Miner; XMind; Mindjet; MindManager; Coggle; MindNode; FreeMind; NodeXL; ACH; FaultTree+; Swiftriver

Open source (PP 67)

Traditional and new social media, crowdsourcing platforms, and other information conduits, e.g. analytic clearinghouses

RecordedFuture or Storyful (PP 67)

Independent systems generated in parallel in UNIFIL, MINUSTAH, UNMIL and MONUSCO, have been reverse engineered into a common incident reporting platform with a shared taxonomy (PP 63)

Information captured through modern ISR (PP 63)

Can greatly enhance a mission’s situational awareness, understanding of operating context, and help inform responses to emerging threats

Encourage the co-location of its GIS capacity with the JOCs (PP 63)

Geospatial visualization should be more widely used (PP 63)

More structured and integrated approach to data collection, processing and dissemination (PP 63)

Help maximize the use of GIS products and other data visualization

Other

Contract Information Management System (CIMS) (PP 83)

Used by UN Somalia Risk Management Unit (RMU)

UNICEF’s DevTrac (currently used); Equitrack (next generation) (PP 82)

Business intelligence policy (PP 82)

Software solutions for data management, visualization and analytics (PP 84)

(e.g., SAP Business Objects, etc.)

Seamless, real-time communication and file-sharing with a remote and forward offices (PP 86)

Share points (PP 86)

Video-teleconferencing and point-to-point video chatting solutions (PP 86)

Global Field Support Strategy (GFSS) (shared services model) (PP 85)

Used by DFS

Distribution of smart phones or tablets is limited to high-level personnel in a mission (PP 59)

Field Information Logging Application (FILA) (PP 60)

Allows the mission to track GIS staff movement while in the field, and to record field survey operation information in real-time

FILNAV (PP 60)

GPS navigation application that allows users to navigate the Area of Operations

Liaison Operation Information System (LOIS) application (PP 60)

Standardized mobile communications capabilities (PP 58)

UNIFIL’s Blue Line Information System (BLIS) (PP 60)

GIS solution devised, developed and implemented by the UNIFIL Joint GIS Section to support and manage the mission’s marking activity of the Blue Line

BLIS consists of maps, real-time geospatial data, imagery, procedures and tools, like mobile and desktop applications and Google Earth

UNMAS Landmines and ERW Safety smartphone application (PP 47)

Automated data collection and analytical tools to boost mandate delivery (PP 74)

Better use should be made of Standardized mobile communications capabilities (PP 58)

Data-enabled smart phones (with mobile applications e.g., Ping) (PP 37)

Emergency connect capabilities (Ping, SpotConnect, or Spot GPS) on handheld devices (PP 27)

Enhanced use and support of handheld devices or tablets equipped with specialized mobile applications (PP 59)

Mobile applications

File travel plans, automatically communicate GPS locations on a periodic basis, and alert base stations or headquarters (PP 27)

Simple mobile applications and devices; social media tools should be made available to police (PP 75)

Simplified, standardized and geo-enabled reporting templates via mobile (PP 59)

Smart Policing (PP 75)

Smart phones attached to their vests (used by Brazilian Instituto Igarapé); Android app locates the respective police officer via GPS and livestreams audio and video records to police headquarters; body and vehicle cameras

SMS applications (PP 37)

Emergency SMS to back up radio networks

Security

ICT Backbone and Business Continuity

Field Technology Operations Centres (PP 87)

Used by DFS

The Field Technology Operations Centre (FTOC) (PP 87)

Located within the Global Service Centre (GSC)

The Global Service Centre (GSC) (PP 88)

Includes

Demand Fulfilment

Track & Trace

Demand Planning

Sourcing

Logistics

Storage and transport

Delivery and Receipt

Crisis kits (relatively complex emergency bag containing emergency medical drugs and equipment) (PP 42)

Smaller emergency trauma kits (PP 43)

112. Medical Equipment (01 Set) (UNIBAM I 153)

“10-1-2” rule should be prioritized (PP 41)

Air ambulances (PP 42)

Remote office/communications kit (containing a laptop computer, scanner, printer, camera, GPS, satellite phone and BGAN) (PP 42)

System of emergency communications (PP 43)

Telemedicine (PP 43)

Advanced life support (PP 43)

Medical escorts should accompany high-risk patrols and other operations, and be equipped with redundant communications systems (satellite phone, UHF/VHF radios, and portable GPS) and emergency medical equipment (PP 42)

Mass casualty chest (PP 43)

Emergent Technologies and Concepts^[24]

(PP 96)

Business intelligence tools

Including management dashboards, risk analytics, data-mining applications, and fusion capabilities

Environmentally-sensitive technologies

RFID-enabled tracking

Smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices

An integrated and multidimensional common operational picture (with real-time visualized and geo-referenced data)

Integrated information management, sharing, analysis and collaboration through common solutions

Location tracing, geo-location and incident reporting technology (embedded in all UN vehicles)

Connectivity solutions

Such as the BRCK or other mobile connectivity kits

Simulation and scenario-based technology tools

State-of-the-art security solutions:

Integrated into a broader organizational security framework; enhanced physical and IT security controls (such as biometric identification and access control measures and basic cyber hygiene measures)

(PP 94)

Visors (“head-up display monitor”)

Specialized mobility enablers (e.g., mine-protected vehicles and comprehensive sensor)

Vehicles (core technology hubs)

Physiological sensors

Advanced technologies (including fuel cells, solar power-packs, individual mini-UAVs)

Continuous connectivity (to enable secure and reliable communications for voice and data)

Thermal sensors, night-time capable video cameras, and chemical sensors

Non-lethal capabilities

Information fusion and enhanced analytic tools

Fed by open-source information, aerial, geospatial, and other remotely acquired data, commercial satellite imagery, and comprehensive sensor packages; to specific layers of map-based visualization of real-time information for enhanced situational awareness through ruggedized tablet or smartphone solutions

Tracking and geo-location of individuals and vehicles (symbol-based visualization of the common operational picture)

(PP 95)

Biometric and identity management solutions (including integrated biometric databases)

Mobile forensics and crime scene investigation equipment (such as DNA analysis and crime scene illumination equipment)

End-to-end case tracking systems

Diagramming systems

Smart software solutions

Mobile thermal imaging devices

New technologies in hand-held devices have speech-recognition abilities; instant text translation

Automated response systems

Cameras in or atop vehicles

Tablets and smartphones (immediate access to databases to provide geo-tagged and layered visualization)

GPS and tracking technology

Monitoring and surveillance technology

Non-lethal weapons

Other

Armaments & Accessories

13. Flare Gun (18) (UNIBAM I 143)

Electronic Equipment/Instruments

16. Compass (100) (UNIBAM I 144)

17. Binoculars (105) (UNIBAM I 144)

19. Binocular/Spotter Scope (100) (UNIBAM I 144)

–Do- Tripod Mounted

Engineer Equipment

68. Exploder Dynamo (01) (UNIBAM I 148)

69. Prodders (12) (UNIBAM I 148)

70. Under Carriage Inspection Mirrors (06) (UNIBAM I 148)

71. Assorted Explosives & Stores (30 KG) (UNIBAM I 148)

Fuses, Cords, Devices

75. Field Defence Stores for COBs (06 Sets) (UNIBAM I 149)

76. Pioneer Tool Kit (01 Set) (UNIBAM I 149)

77. Chain Saw (02) (UNIBAM I 149)

78. Field Engineering Stores (05 Sets) (UNIBAM I 149)

Provided by UN

79. Spike Bets (30) (UNIBAM I 149)

Fuel Oil and Lubricants Storage (UNIBAM I 152)

105. Barrels (90)

106. Jerri Can (53)

Miscellaneous Stores

113. Containers (25) (UNIBAM I 153)

IT & Office Equipment (As Required) (UNIBAM I 153)

Boundary Demarcation & Monitoring

Mobile applications that allow for real-time field measurement to enable Blue Line marking with System of Incident Reports (SOIR) (PP 81)

Currently used by UNIFIL

Commercially available smartphone applications (PP 81)

Mobile applications that allow for real-time field measurement to enable Blue Line marking with System of Incident Reports (SOIR) (PP 80)

Mobile thermal imaging systems (MTIS) (PP 81)

Different types of sensors including long-range thermal sensors, high zoom video, radar, LRF, digital compasses, GPS, and digital maps with target positions

Sensor survey using GPS, satellite imagery, or LiDAR (PP 81)

Remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analysing the reflected light; currently used by the African Union

Sensor technologies (including UAS) (PP 81)

Smaller-scale sensors (PP 81)

Including cameras and radar

Wireless networks (PP 81)

Communications

Location Tracking

GPS used extensively; devices are individually owned, contingent owned, and UN owned (KW 238)

21. GPS Man Portable (70) (UNIBAM I 144)

02 x Reserve

22. GPS Vehicle Mounted (160) (UNIBAM I 144)^[25]

All vehicles

23. Electronic GPS Tracking System (01) (UNIBAM I 144)^[26]

Real-time tracking of vehicles (KW 238)

Carlog used in most missions for UN vehicles (KW 238)

Carlog (with GPS) (PP 28)

Radio-frequency identification used to track weapons and UN supplies (KW 238)

Access Control

Infrastructure

Ballistic-Resistant Paint/Coating

Barriers/Fences

Containers

Sandbags

Personnel Equipment

Individual suites of operational and protective equipment (PP 27): Modern and effective body armour and helmets; fire blankets, individual field first-aid kits; crisis response instruction cards; backup power packs for mobile phones and other devices; mobile communications and Internet access devices (preloaded with critical local information such as medical facilities and transportation hubs, as well as translation software); emergency-activated beaconing technology

Electronic countermeasures linked to dedicated intelligence resources while on the move (PP 47)

Transport

Bullet Proof Vehicle (UNIBAM II 319)

For escort duties, faster protected (ballistic) mobility, Deterrence value; Close support; Ballistic protection, Protected mobility, 4x4 configuration, Turret and sideways weapon mountable; Cost: market price

Mine Protected Vehicle (UNIBAM II 318)

Provide protection from mines, UXOs and IEDs; Protection from Mine/UXO/IED blast, Ballistic protection, High protected mobility, 4x4 configurations, Turret weapon mountable; Cost: market price

All conveys in areas are identified as a threat should be deployed with the minimum ability to self-recover (PP 46)

Convoys could be supported by fixed or tethered surveillance platforms to increase surveillance capacity (PP 46)

Heavy vehicle extraction capability and organizational level repair and remediation technologies (PP 47)

IED, SALW fire detection, SALW ballistics, etc.

62. Remote Control bomb Disposal Device (01) (UNIBAM I 148)^[27]

64. Electronic Circuit Bomb Detector (01) (UNIBAM I 148)

65. IED Jammer (01) (UNIBAM I 148)^[28]

Neutralize IED

72. Bomb Disposal Suit & Equipment (01 Set) (UNIBAM I 149)

73. EOD Suit & Equipment (01 Set) (UNIBAM I 149)

“Bolt on” armour, ground-penetrating radar for subsurface mine detection, and hand-held explosive composition detection devices (PP 46)

Electronic countermeasures (also referred to as IED jammers) (PP 46)

Mine-protected vehicles (PP 46)

Infrastructure

Essential technology suite for every encampment (PP 97)

(Basic access control measures, such as commercially available remote-controlled barriers, could add to basic perimeter security measures and augment trenches and modern, easy to erect fencing or bastion parameters)

Rapid response mechanism (aerial and ground sensors) (PP 136)

Recommendation: No encampment, office compound, or staff accommodation should be without (PP 35):

1. Back-up energy support (including primary or backup alternative energy solutions)
2. Perimeter lighting
3. Motion-detection technology

Emergency communications tested on a daily basis

Technology

31. Search Light (110) (UNIBAM I 144)

02 x Reserve

32. Flood Lights (20) (UNIBAM I 144)

04 x Reserve

Perimeter Lighting (Performance Peacekeeping)

LED solar powered lighting systems

On-Mission

Pre-Deployment Training

FOI’s “Camp Authoring Tool” (CAT) (PP 90)

Integrated Training Services (e-learning) and the larger set of documents are at the Peacekeeping Resource Hub, DPKO and DFS websites and the Official Documents System (ODS) (PP 103)

UN pre-courses like “Basic Security in the Field”

Model should be expanded upon (PP 103)

Modularization (PP 90)

Current uses: security components, energy, supply, office accommodation, safety and fire protection, ICT, ablutions, light vehicles components and waste water systems

Online peacekeeping and training portal (PP 102)

Smart, interactive software (pre-deployment training of uniformed personnel) (PP 101)

Through distance learning or assessed short courses

Virtual command post exercises (PP 102)

Exercise Viking software, SWEDINT

E-gaming for peacekeeping; Virtual Reality tools for simulations

Air

Example types:

Civilian Passenger

Civilian Cargo

Military Transport

Tactical and Strategic Airlift

Any type (fixed or rotary wing)

UAViators (PP 54), directory of UAV/imagery software used by organizations developing or using UAVs for humanitarian purposes

Ground

Numerous types and variations with a range of functions, including:

Armoured personnel carriers (APCs)

Armoured recovery vehicles (ARVs)

Anti-IED/mine-clearing

Light armoured vehicles (LAVs)

Protected mobility vehicles (PMVs)

Tank/Heavy Armour

46. Water Tanker (06) (UNIBAM I 146)

10,000 litres

47. Water Trailers (12) (UNIBAM I 146)

2000/7000 litres

60. Refrigeration (Lorry) (06) (UNIBAM I 146)

61. APCs Recovery (01) (UNIBAM I 145)

Marine

Liquid Waste

(see also, Water)

74. Field Water Pumps (06 Sets) (UNIBAM I 149)

98. Water Treatment Plants (05 Sets) (UNIBAM I 152)

100. 500 Litres (25) (UNIBAM I 152)

101. 1000 Litres (18) (UNIBAM I 152)

102. 3000 Litres (12) (UNIBAM I 152)

103. Bladders (30) (UNIBAM I 152)

05 Reserve

104. Jerri Can (53) (UNIBAM I 152)

Greater use of rainwater collection, piping and storage systems (PP 33)

Strategically resourced ground-penetrating radar and advanced geospatial imaging can help improve the odds of successful drilling (PP 32)

Includes locating, drilling, extraction

99. Water Treatment Devices (20 Sets) (UNIBAM I 152)

Modern water purification technology; use of non-potable recycled water (PP 33)

Personal water purification “straws” (PP 33)

Includes desalinization technologies

Aerial Systems

Unmanned

(see also: Information Collection: Platforms: Aircraft: Unmanned; Communications: Jamming)

Heavy Weapons

Air Defence/Anti-Aircraft Systems

Anti-Missile & Close-In Weapon Systems (CIWS)

Non-Lethal

Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)

Targeting

Target acquisition and tracking

(see also: Information Collection; Information Management Sensors; Positioning & Tracking)

Anti-Vehicle

Counter-UAS/UAV

(see also, Communications: Jamming)

Combat

Crowd-Control

Crowd/Riot Control Equipment (UNIBAM I 151)

(One Company Set and Three Platoon Sets as per current COE Manual)

87. Megaphone

88. PA System

89. Tear Gas Launcher

90. Stun/Smoke Grenade

91. Protective Shield

92. Elbow, Knee, Shoulder Protection

93. Helmet with Visor

Face Shield Ballistic

94. Gas mask

95. Baton

96. Signal Pistol/Taser

97. Barricade Shield

Stun and smoke grenades (PP 76)

Tasers (PP 76)

Entangling Nets

Bean-bag rounds (PP 76)

Riot-control agents (such as tear gas) (PP 76)

OC-spray (Oleoresin Capsicum) (Pepper Spray) (Battalion Manual Vol. 2: 133)

Tear gas launchers; tear gas hand grenades (Battalion Manual Vol. 2: 133)

Note that the Chemical Weapons Convention indicates these can be used for “domestic law enforcement purposes,” so there is a legal argument to use them in certain cases in PKOs

“It should be noted that the use of rubber bullets by UN police units has been banned by the DPKO” (Battalion Manual Vol. 2: 133).

Rubber bullets (PP 76)

Explosive Remnants of War

(See also, United Nations Mine Action Service, UNMAS)

Includes landmines, UXO, AXO, IED.

Linked into peace operation mandates and policies.